{"id":1068,"date":"2017-06-19T21:43:55","date_gmt":"2017-06-20T04:43:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/breanneboland.com\/blog\/?p=1068"},"modified":"2019-02-25T14:22:20","modified_gmt":"2019-02-25T22:22:20","slug":"pipefail-bail-add-or-remove-set-dash-u","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/breanneboland.com\/blog\/2017\/06\/19\/pipefail-bail-add-or-remove-set-dash-u\/","title":{"rendered":"Pipefail Bail: When to Add (or Remove) set -u"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"The scene: I was going back to a set of 18-month-old Packer files to add <\/span>set -eux -o pipefail<\/span><\/em> to each file in the build. (If you\u2019re not familiar with this command and its uses, here\u2019s<\/a> where I learned about it. Highly recommended.) I\u2019d recently had a two-day time sink, wherein I couldn\u2019t get LDAP access to work on our CI\/CD, and eventually I found that the shell script that adds our LDAP certs had coughed and died midway through without Packer erroring out and letting me know that something was wrong. LDAP failure is a pretty common sign that something is wrong with our CI\/CD, but in the past it\u2019s been due to more exotic problems than Packer petering out. Pipefail isn\u2019t necessarily the right tool for every job, but I wanted to spare my future self these issues, where VERY SIGNIFICANT PROBLEMS might otherwise be buried in a billion screens of Packer output.<\/span><\/p>\n

(Yes, I\u2019ll still look at the credentials folder first next time.)<\/span><\/p>\n

That was how I learned that Packer scripts can fail, but the build can still complete. This surprised me, considering how many failed builds I experienced when I was first working with Packer. So now I\u2019m working through each script, finding quiet problems (such as unnecessary symbolic links being created during the installation of our version of Java) and other issues that perhaps aren\u2019t problems today but may arise like the kraken later to take its accumulated revenge. Like I said, these scripts have been in use for about a year and a half, building AMIs at least once a month. Usually, only the base AMI changes, and the only other alterations have been additions – this version of Ruby that one dev team needs, this package for another group. Beyond that, it\u2019s been pretty steady, which means a fair amount of time has passed since any kind of in-depth review of these files. <\/span><\/p>\n

Pipefail is a great and rather educational way to work through your scripts, but on a recent day of this little side project, I encountered a surprising problem. In one of the scripts, PATH is augmented, followed by <\/span>source \/etc\/bashrc<\/span><\/em>. This is when the file errored out, with a gasp of \u00a0<\/span>amazon-ebs: \/etc\/bashrc: line 12: PS1: unbound variable<\/span><\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

What in the what? <\/span><\/p>\n

I did some googling for this <\/span>unbound variable <\/span>business, but the results didn\u2019t apply to what I was doing. I wasn\u2019t failing to create <\/span>$youMessedUp<\/span><\/em>. <\/span>\/etc\/bashrc<\/span><\/em> did indeed exist in the Packer Build instance, which I confirmed by, variously, touch <\/em><\/span>\/etc\/bashrc<\/span><\/em>, <\/span>ls -a \/etc | grep bashrc<\/span><\/em>, and <\/span>cat \/etc\/bashrc<\/span><\/em>, at various times in my troubleshooting. The <\/span>source<\/span><\/em> command was being used correctly. And there were exactly no variables in that script. <\/span><\/p>\n

Huh. <\/span><\/p>\n

But <\/span>\/etc\/bashrc<\/span><\/em> was a robust file, quite lengthy compared to the most familiar file of its type in my life, the <\/span>~\/.bashrc<\/span><\/em>\u00a0on my own machine. There was a lot going on in there\u2026 including variables. And because of the kinds of AMIs I use on this project – that is, AMIs built by a different team I have little contact with, issued every month without exhausting notes on what might have changed from the last version – any alteration I might have made that day might be useless or, worse, damaging when applied blindly next month. <\/span><\/p>\n

Shit. <\/span><\/p>\n

Beyond that, there was the issue of scope. This pipefail project was supposed to be about controlling <\/span>my <\/span><\/i>end of things. Faulty machine images and limited control are just part of my job. I\u2019ve dealt with said images, but the dealing is not typically dont in shell scripts. Usually, if it\u2019s something especially sticky, the job becomes one of communication, wherein I document what\u2019s up and reach out to the agency in charge of regular base AMI creation so we can sort things out. <\/span><\/p>\n

So that resolution and realization was where <\/span>set +u<\/span><\/em> came in.<\/span><\/p>\n

I have an ongoing concern that shortcuts that I think are efficient might be unhelpful cheating, especially in this particular phase of my career. I ran my error and my situation by a few more senior engineers at my job. The idea of <\/span>set +u<\/span><\/em> came up. And said seniors confirmed that this was just wise and not laziness. <\/span><\/p>\n

So: <\/span><\/p>\n

set +u<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

source \/etc\/bashrc<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

set -u<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

That is, repeating the command at the top of the page. <\/span>+u<\/span><\/em> reverses that initial <\/span>-u<\/span><\/em> flag, which ends the script when an unbound variable happens. For that one line, only\u00a0set -ex -o pipefail<\/em> is in play, minus that situationally unfortunate\u00a0-u<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

This is useful if you have a weird situation like mine, where you need to run bash strict mode most of the time but have a line or a section of a script that deals with a resource that\u2019s out of your control (but which you can still trust). Other times this is useful is if you\u2019re activating a virtualenv in Python. In that case, set -u<\/em> may be best set aside for that particular endeavor. In short, if your script is opening a big bucket of things out of your control (<\/span>\/etc\/bashrc<\/span><\/em>, the contents of an <\/span>\/env\/bin\/activate<\/span><\/em> folder<\/em>), and you want to go full set -eux -o\u00a0pipefail <\/em>otherwise,\u00a0pop a little set<\/em>\u00a0+u\u00a0<\/span><\/em>in there<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

But, this specific little situation aside, I\u2019ve become a convert for <\/span>set -eux -o pipefail<\/span><\/em> on my Packer builds for sure and will probably keep the habit when I’m in a situation where I’m using AMIs not made by an outside team. The more you know, right?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The scene: I was going back to a set of 18-month-old Packer files to add set -eux -o pipefail to each file in the build. (If you\u2019re not familiar with this command and its uses, here\u2019s where I learned about it. Highly recommended.) I\u2019d recently had a two-day time sink, wherein I couldn\u2019t get LDAP … Continue reading Pipefail Bail: When to Add (or Remove) set -u<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[219],"tags":[234,233,235,236],"class_list":["post-1068","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-how-to","tag-bash","tag-dear-past-self","tag-packer","tag-troubleshooting"],"yoast_head":"\nPipefail Bail: When to Add (or Remove) set -u - Breanne Boland<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In which set -eux -o pipefail turns out to be a little much for one line of a Packer build (and how to tell when that's the case).\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/breanneboland.com\/blog\/2017\/06\/19\/pipefail-bail-add-or-remove-set-dash-u\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pipefail Bail: When to Add (or Remove) set -u - 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